head of
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology 1998 - 2008
- Contact Info
- Websites
Kokwaro, Gilbert O. (Prof.) Faculty Member
Positions
- Senior Lecturer, Strathmore Business School , Strathmore University
- Professor of Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 2000 -
- Fellow, African Academy of Sciences 2006 -
- Fellow, Kenya National Academy of Sciences 2011 -
- Professor of Health Systems Research, Strathmore University 2014 -
- Director, Institute of Health Care Management , Strathmore University 2014 -
- Founder Director, Consortium for Nairobi Health Research (CNHR) 2008 - 2014
- Associate Professor of Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 1995 - 2000
- Chairman, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 1995 - 1999
- Senior Lecturer, Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 1987 - 1995
- Lecturer, Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 1984 - 1987
PhD, Msc
Research Areas
- Clinical pharmacology (LCSH)
- Clinical trials (LCSH)
- Drug metabolism
- Drugs--Metabolism (LCSH)
- Drugs--Physiological effect (LCSH)
- Health Systems
- Malaria (LCSH)
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics (LCSH)
- Proteomics (LCSH)
Geographic Focus
- Kenya Country
- Affiliation
- Publications
- Research
- Teaching
- Service
- Background
- Contact
- View All
Affiliation
member of
- Malaria Journal Editorial Board Member 2009 -
- Research Training Steering Committee, WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Member 2008 - 2011
- African Society for Drug Metabolism Member 2009
- Expert Scientific Advisory Committee, Medicine for Malaria Venture Member 1998 - 2001
Publications
selected publications
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abstract
- Anticonvulsants in severe childhood malaria 2002
- Role of phenytoin in severe malaria management. 2002
- A comparison of rectal diazepam and paraldehyde in the treatment of acute convulsions in a District Hospital. 2001
- Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and fosphenytoin sodium in children with severe malaria and convulsions 2001
- Pharmacokinetics of intravenous diazepam in children with severe malaria 2000
- Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in children with severe malaria 2000
- The role of drug level monitoring in the management of seizures in severe malaria 2000
- African Scientists and Institutions involved in developing drugs for malaria: An overview of potentials and resources available in Africa 1999
- Antimalarial drugs: efficacy, kinetics and toxicity 1998
- Chloroquine and seizures: a hypothesis 1998
- Short-term in vitro culturing of P. falciparum field isolates for antifolate chemosensitivity 1998
- The changing in-vitro chemosensitivity pattern to antifolates in P.falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya 1998
- The in vitro targeting of plasmodial DHFR by sulfadoxine in P. falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya 1997
- Effect of an experimental malaria infection on the metabolism of phenacetin in the isolated perfused liver 1994
- Kinetics of cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions in liver microsomes of malaria-infected rats 1994
- Malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever decrease phenacetin O-deethylation by rat liver microsomes 1993
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academic article
- Partial HIV C2V3 envelope sequence analysis reveals association of coreceptor tropism, envelope glycosylation and viral genotypic variability among Kenyan patients on HAART. Virology Journal. 2017
- Plasma nevirapine concentrations predict virological and adherence failure in Kenyan HIV-1 infected patients with extensive antiretroviral treatment exposure. Public Library of Science (PLoS One). 12. 2017
- Co-infection burden of hepatitis C virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Injecting heroin users at the Kenyan coast. Public Library of Science (PLoS One). 10. 2015
- Correlates of adherence and treatment failure among Kenyan patients on long-term highly active anti-retroviral therapy . AIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 69. 2015
- Plasma and cerebrospinal proteomes of children with cerebral malaria differ from children with other encephalopathies. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 208. 2013
- Preclinical drug evaluation system in the Plasmodium knowlesi baboon model of malaria: the methotrexate study. Journal of Medical Primatology. 42:62-70. 2013
- A phase I trial to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate as an anti-malarial drug in Kenyan adult healthy volunteers. Malaria Journal. 10:63-71. 2011
- Determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection: Application to a population pharmacokinetics study in children with severe malnutrition. Journal of Chromatography. 879:146-152. 2011
- Dosing regimens of oral ciprofloxacin for children with severe malnutrition : a population pharmacokinetic study with Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 66:2336-2345. 2011
- Global proteomic analysis of plasma from mice infected with plasmodium berghei ANKA using two dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Malaria Journal. 10. 2011
- Paromomycin for the treatment of Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan: A randomized, open-label, dose-finding study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4:1-7. 2010
- Pentoxifylline as an adjunct therapy in children with cerebral malaria. Malaria Journal. 9:368-373. 2010
- Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya. Malaria Journal. 8:1-10. 2009
- Guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines. PLoS Medicine. 6. 2009
- Ongoing challenges in the management of malaria. Malaria Journal. 8:1-6. 2009
- Effect of folate derivatives on the activity of antifolate drugs used against malaria and cancer. Parasitology Research. 102:1227-1234. 2008
- Malaria drug and vaccine trials in Africa: Obstacles and opportunities. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102:7-10. 2008
- Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of lorazepam in children with severe malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 65:12-21. 2008
- Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of midazolam in children with severe malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2008
- Response to Diazepam in children with malaria-induced seizures. Epilepsy Research. 82:215-218. 2008
- Strengthening capacity for health research in Africa. The Lancet Journal. 372:1590-1593. 2008
- The content of African diets is adequate to achieve optimal efficacy with fixed-dose artemether-lumefantrine: A review of the evidence. Malaria Journal. 7. 2008
- Antimalarial drug quality in Africa. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 32:429-440. 2007
- Artemether/Lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy. 8:75-94. 2007
- Population pharmacokinetics of a single daily dose of gentamicin in children with severe malnutrition. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 59:681-689. 2007
- Reconciling national treatment policies and drug regulation in Kenya: Commentary. Health Policy and Planning . 22:111-112. 2007
- Characterisation of metabolic acidosis in Kenyan children admitted to hospital for acute non-surgical conditions. . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 100:401-409. 2006
- Chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in African children with severe malaria. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 52:239-243. 2005
- Combination therapy in the treatment of malaria. East African Medical Journal. 82:385-386. 2005
- Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Journal of Chromatography. 824:333-340. 2005
- Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′-hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children. Journal of Chromatography B. 821:1-7. 2005
- Once-daily combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria: Is this the way forward?. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41:433-434. 2005
- The quality of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine products in the Kenyan retail sector. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 30:559-565. 2005
- The role of sequential administration of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine following quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in children. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 10:484-488. 2005
- Why has the dihydrofolate reductase 164 mutation not consistently been found in Africa? . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 99:341-346. 2005
- A randomised, controlled trial of once daily and multi-dose daily gentamicin in young Kenyan infants. Archives of Diseases in Children. 89:665-669. 2004
- Determination of paraldehyde by gas chromatography in whole blood from children. Journal of Chromatography B. 805:365-369. 2004
- In vitro activities of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline and 2,4-diaminopteridine derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 48:3711-3714. 2004
- Population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin following intramuscular administration to children with severe malaria. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57:146-152. 2004
- Selective and sensitive liquid chromatographic assay of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in whole blood spotted on filter paper. Journal of Chromatography B. 799:173-177. 2004
- The difference between effectiveness and efficacy of antimalarial drugs in Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 9:967-974. 2004
- Therapeutic potential of folate uptake inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum. Trends in Parasitology. 20:109-112. 2004
- WHO, the Global Fund and medical malpractice in malaria treatment. The Lancet Journal. 363:1161-1162. 2004
- WHO, the Global Fund and medical malpractice in malaria treatment. The Lancet Journal. 363:237-240. 2004
- Molecular monitoring of the Leu-164 mutation of dihydrofolate reductase in a highly sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine-resistant area in Africa. Malaria Journal. 2:46-49. 2003
- Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect of phenobarbital in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56:453-458. 2003
- Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin in children with severe malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56:112-119. 2003
- Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to infants with suspected sepsis in Kenya. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56:25-31. 2003
- Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002
- Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and fosphenytoin following intravenous and intramuscular administration. European Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 27:83-89. 2002
- Phenytoin pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in African children following fosphenytoin and chloramphenicol co-administration. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54:635-642. 2002
- Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance. Experimental Parasitology. 101:90-96. 2002
- High performance liquid chromatographic determination of diazepam in children with severe malaria. Journal of Chromatography B. 761:255-259. 2001
- Medical research in Africa: problems and some solutions. Bulletin of Tropical Medicine and International Health. 9:4-5. 2001
- Chloroquine is not a risk factor for seizure in childhood cerebral malaria. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 5:860-864. 2000
- Relative contribution of cytochrome P-450 and flavin-containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazoleby human liver microsomes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 49:313-322. 2000
- The changing pattern of in vitro response to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya.. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62:396-401. 2000
- Averting a malaria disaster. The Lancet Journal. 353:1965-1972. 1999
- Use of artemisinin (qinghaosu) derivatives in the treatment of malaria. African Journal of Health Sciences. 5:8-11. 1998
- Infection with Plasmodium berghei alters benzodiazepine receptor in rat brain . Archives of Medical Research. 28:425-427. 1997
- A comparative bioavailability study of four carbamazepine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market. East African Medical Journal. 73:323-326. 1996
- Common antimalarial drugs do not affect the metabolism of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam by human liver microsomes. Pharmaceuticals Sciences. 2:243-245. 1996
- Effect of route of administration on systemic availability of oxamniquine in the rabbit. African Journal of Health Sciences. 3:101-104. 1996
- Metabolism of diazepam and ethosuximide in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever. African Journal of Health Sciences. 3:22-26. 1996
- Oxamniquine inhibits metabolism of caffeine, hexobarbitone and antipyrine in vivo in mice. African Journal of Health Sciences. 3:105-108. 1996
- Pharmacokinetics of oxamniquine in rabbit and rat. European Journal of Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics . 21:13-16. 1996
- Steady state anticonvulsant drug levels in epileptic patients. East African Medical Journal. 73:679-682. 1996
- Halofantrine pharmacokinetics in Kenyan children with complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 39:283-287. 1995
- Pharmacokinetic basis of Nifedipine-Digoxin interaction. East African Medical Journal. 72:684-687. 1995
- Pharmacokinetics of temazepam in male surgical patients. East African Medical Journal. 72:483-485. 1995
- Effect of an experimental malaria infection on phenacetin metabolism in the rat isolated perfused liver. Xenobiotica. 24:785-793. 1994
- Possible isozyme-specific effects of experimental malaria infection with Plasmodium berghei on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in rat liver microsomes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 46:352-355. 1994
- The effect of malaria infection on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in the rat. Xenobiotica. 24:527-533. 1994
- Effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on antipyrine and metronidazole metabolism in the rat. Biochemical Pharmacology. 5:1243-1249. 1993
- Effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on phenacetin O-deethylation by rat liver microsomes. Biochemical Pharmacology. 45:1235-1241. 1993
- Malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever decrease phenacetin O-deethylation by rat liver microsomes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 87:345. 1993
- Metabolism of caffeine and theophylline in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever. Xenobiotica. 23:1391-1397. 1993
- Oxamniquine pharmacokinetics in healthy Kenyan volunteers. East African Medical Journal. 69:359-364. 1991
- Effect of experimentally-induced hepatic cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered praziquantel in the rat. European Journal of Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics . 15:191-202. 1990
- Partitioning of Oxamniquine into brain tissue following administration to female Wistar rats. Drugs & Chemical Toxicology . 13:347-354. 1990
- Effect of oxamniquine on antipyrine metabolism in the mouse 1989
- Effect of oxamniquine on caffeine and hexobarbitone metabolism in the mouse 1987
- Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel in rats with experimental liver cirrhosis 1987
- First-pass metabolism of oxamniquine: a quantitative study in the rabbit. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 32:32P. 1986
- Oxamniquine pharmacokinetics following oral administration to healthy volunteers. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 37:41P. 1985
- The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions on sterilization and storage. Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy. 7:205-207. 1982
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book
- Establishment of the Consortium of Nairobi Health Research (CNHR) in Kenya: The process, challenges and lessons learned 2014
- Guidelines for Research Training Fellowships (RTFs) supported by CNHR 2014
- Guidelines for raising the profile of science among the youth in Kenya through research internship grants supported by CNHR 2014
- Guidelines for research Leadership Grants (RLGs) supported by CNHR 2014
- Guidelines for the establishment of centres of research excellence (CoReS) supported by CNHR 2014
- Guidelines for Research Career Development Grants (RCDGs) supported by CNHR
- Guidelines for Supplementary Research Grants (SGRs) supported by CNHR
- Guidelines for merit review of proposals by the Expert Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) of CNHR
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conference paper
- The pharmacokinetics of paromomycin (aminosidine) in healthy volunteers and Kala-azar patients. Annual Conference of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Medical and Health Studies. 2011
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editorial article
- Strengthening capacity for health research in Africa. The Lancet Journal. 372:1590-1593. 2008
- Once-daily combination therapy for uncomplicated Malaria : Is this the way forward?. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41:433-434. 2005
- Clinical drug interations 2001
- Medical research: Are we doing enough in Africa? 1998
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research proposal
-
thesis
editor of
Research
research overview
-
Professor Gilbert Kokwaro has published over 90 full articles and abstracts in international peer-reviewed Journals in the area clinical pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of infection. He has also been the editor and lead contributor to a regional formulary on HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria for Eastern, Central and Southern African Countries. He has supervised several Masters, PhD and Post-Doctoral students, and examined several PhD Theses in Europe, Africa and India. He has been a reviewer for several international journals including:
1. Clinical Infectious Diseases;
2. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology;
3. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences;
4. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene;
5. East African Medical Journal;
6. Malaria Journal;
7. PloS ONE;
8. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery;
investigator on
- Clinical pharmacology of diazepam in children with severe malaria. awarded by Wellcome Trust (UK) 1995 - 1998
- Effect of malaria on drug disposition awarded by Wellcome Trust (UK) 1991 - 1993
keywords
- Clinical pharmacology of anticonvulsant drugs used in children
- Clinical pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of tropical diseases
- Drug Management and Rational Drug Use in Health Facilities
- Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism
- Proteomics and severe disease: potential for development of new diagnostic and disease-monitoring techniques
Teaching
advisees
-
graduate advising relationship
- Gitau, Evelyn N., Ph.D. candidate, 2008
- Muchohi, Simon N., Ph.D. candidate, 2007
- Sasi, Philip, Ph.D. candidate, 2007
- Amin, Abdinasir A., Ph.D. candidate, 2005
- Ogutu, Bernhards (Prof.), Ph.D. candidate, 2002
- Muchohi, Simon N., M.Sc. candidate, 2000
- Radwen, Hellen, Ph.D. candidate, 2000
- Mberu, Edward K., Ph.D. candidate, 1998
- Glazier, Anthony P., Ph.D. candidate, 1995
- Ismail, Saboriah, Ph.D. candidate, 1994
Service
reviewer of
- Adverse drug reactions and underlying metabolic profiles in HIV patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy (Thesis) 2017
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs used for combination therapy in Malaria (Book) 2014
- A Pharmacological investigation of South African lichens, desiccation-tolerant plants and the medicinal tree, Warburgia salutaris (Thesis) 2010
- Development, formulation and evaluation of tropical preparations of terbinafine hydrochloride for the treatment of superficial dermatophytosis (Thesis) 2008
- Drug resistance polymorphisms in African isolates of plasmodium falciparum and their influence on drug response (Thesis) 2007
- The isolation characterisation and antiplasmodial activity of two novel dimeric sesquiterpenes from dicoma anomala (Thesis) 2007
- Estimating the sequestered load in plasmodium falciparum Malaria (Thesis) 2005
- A study of the antimalarial action of pyronaridine and its accumulation In plasmodium falciparum (Thesis) 2004
- The antimalarial activity of dicoma anomala and the chloroquine resistance reversing effects of sclerocarya birrea on plasmodium falciparum in vitro (Thesis) 2001
Background
education and training
- B.Pharm., University of Nairobi
- POSTDOC. Postdoctoral in Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool 1991 - 1993
- Ph.D. in Pharmacokinetics, University of Wales 1984 - 1987
- M.Sc. in Pharmaceutics, University of Nairobi 1980 - 1982
credential eligibility attained
- Clinical Pharmacology Certificate
- Clinical Trials Certificate
- Drug metabolism Certificate
- GLP/GCP Certificate
- Pharmacokinetics Certificate
Contact
full name
- Prof.Gilbert Kokwaro